History of the Internet in the World

ARPANET
In 1957 the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD = Department of Defense) formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to its launch of Sputnik the Soviet Union. ARPA duty increase technological capabilities that can be used by the military. ARPA actually do not have expert knowledge or laboratory. Who owned only a small office and budget (for the Pentagon's standards) alone. ARPA carry out their duties by providing assistance and doing contract work with universities and companies that have ideas that are considered promising for the operation.

In the mid-1960s, when the peak of the Cold War, DoD wants to have command and control network that can defend themselves in case of nuclear war. Traditional telephone network is considered unsafe. Because if only one point missing, then this may result in cessation of all conversations that use the network or even that only use part of the network unexpectedly. To overcome this problem change the direction of DoD research, ARPA.

In cooperation with several universities, ARPA decided that the DoD needed a network that is packet-switching shape consisting of a subnet and host computers. In December 1968, ARPA gave the contract to BBN, a consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts to build these networks and create software support.

Although there are still shortcomings in the software problems, in December 1969 successfully launched an experimental network connecting four nodes of UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Utah University. This is the fourth node has various contracts with ARPA, and each node has a host computer that is completely different and incompatible with one another. ARPANET network was soon expanded rapidly covers the whole of the U.S. in its first three years.

In addition to helping the growth of the ARPANET was still premature, ARPA also funded research satellite networks and packet radio networks mobile. This experiment also showed that the ARPANET protocols that already exist are not suitable for operation on multiple networks. This observation is encouraging more and more research on the protocol, which culminated in the discovery model and TCP / IP. TCP / IP is specifically designed to handle communication through the internetwork, something that becomes increasingly important as more networks and LANs that are connected to the ARPANET.

To encourage the use of new protocols are, ARPA held several contracts with BBN and the University of California at Berkeley to integrate these protocols into the Berkeley UNIX. Researchers at Berkeley developed a program interface (interface) to a network (socket) which makes it easy and write some utility programs, applications and management to make the system easier to operate the network.

In 1983, ARPANET has a large network and already can be considered stable and successful. Up to this situation, ARPA network management handed over to the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) to run the ARPANET as an operational network. DCA is the first part of the network is to separate the military into a separate subnet, MILNET, which has a gateway-gateway strict distinction between the rest of the subnet MILNET other research.

During the 1980s, additional networks, especially the LAN, the more connected to the ARPANET. In line with the increased network size, host-even more expensive. Therefore, DNS (Domain Naming System) was formed to organize the machines into specific domains and map host names into IP addresses. Since then, control becomes a tergeneralisasi database system and distributed to store various information relating to the naming.

In 1990, ARPANET had been composed by networks of new, actually born by the ARPANET. After the ARPANET ceased operations and dismantled. Until now, MILNET was still operating.

NSFNET
In the late 1970s, the NSF (National Science Foundation) to see so much the impact of the ARPANET for research universities. But the only university that has a contract with DoD research that can join the ARPANET. Lack of universal access is to encourage NSF to build a virtual network, CSNET.

In 1984 the NSF began designing high-speed backbone network that will connect all six superkomputernya center in San Diego, Boulder, Champaign, Pittsburgh, Ithaca and Princeton. This network is projected as a substitute for the ARPANET, and will be open to all research groups of universities, research laboratories, libraries and museums to access the sixth superkomputernya and communicate with each other. This network is also connected to the ARPANET.

NSFNET network soon succeed in a relatively short time and at the same time overloaded. Furthermore NSF an opportunity to create a network plan and give his successor contract to Michigan-based consortium of MERIT to implement the plan. This network was eventually overwhelmed, so in 1990, this network immediately improved.

Along with sustainable development, NSF realized that the government can not provide funds for network development forever. In addition to many commercial organizations that want to join the NSF-funded network. As a result, NSF requested MERIT, MCI and IBM to form a nonprofit company, ANS (Advanced Networks Services). In 1990, ANS took over NSFNET and increase network capacity to form ANSNET.

In 1991, U.S. Vice President Al Gore, proposed extension to NSFNET architecture involving K-12 schools, community college (community college), and the two-year colleges more. December 1991, the U.S. Congress passed a bill NREN (National Research and Educational Network), which can be accessed by business people by allowing them to buy some of the network for commercial use.

In 1995, NSFNET backbone no longer required to menginterkoneksikan regional networks NSF. This is because many companies that operate commercial IP networks. At ANSNET sold to America Online in 1995, regional networks have to go out and have to have a commercial IP services to be connected.

To facilitate and ensure that each regional network can communicate with other regional networks, NSF gave contracts to four network operators to create NAP (Network Access Point). These operators are PacBell (San Francisco), Ameritech (Chicago), MFS (Washington DC) and Sprint (New York City). Every network operator that wants to provide backbone services to regional networks to connect all of NSF these NAPs. In addition to NSF NAPs, has also created a variety of government NAP (eg, FIX-E, FIX-W, MAE-East and MAE-West) and commercial NAPs (eg CIX).

Countries and other regions are also building a network is proportional to the NSFNET. In Europe for example, EuropaNet is an IP backbone for research organizations and Ebone network is more commercially oriented. Both these networks connect a number of cities in Europe. Every country in Europe has one or more national networks comparable to the NSF regional networks.

INTERNET
After the TCP / IP is expressed as the only official protocol on 1 January 1983, the number of networks, machines and users are connected to the ARPANET grew rapidly. At the NSFNET and ARPANET connected to each other, the growth becomes exponential. Many regional networks are joined and created relationships to build networks in Canada, Europe and the Pacific.

In the mid-1980s, people began to look at a collection of networks such as the Internet, and then called the Internet. Growth continues exponentially, and in 1990 the Internet had grown into a network of 3000 computers and 200,000. In 1992, the host unity million has been connected to the network. In 1995, there were a lot of backbone, hundreds of mid-level networks (regional), tens of thousands of LAN, millions of hosts and tens of millions of users.

Factors that have a big hand in the rapid growth it is switching networks that already exist to the Internet. In the past switching include SPAN (Space Physics network NASA), HEPNET (high energy physics networks), Bitnet (IBM mainframe networks), EARN (European Academic Network), and other tissues. A number of trans-Atlantic link is formed. With the exponential development of this, how long in operating informally no longer use the Internet. In January 1992, the Public Internet (Internet Society) was formed. Internet Society aims to promote the benefits of the Internet.

Until the early 1990s, the Internet is widely used by academics, government and industry researchers. A new application, the WWW (World Wide Web) changed the face of the Internet and help millions of new users, nonacademic to the network. This application, was discovered by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee, without changing the facilities that already exist but it makes it easier to use. Together with the Mosaic viewer, created by the NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications), the WWW allows a site (site) to construct a number of pages that contain text information, images, sounds and even video, by placing links to other pages . By clicking a link, users will be immediately taken to a page that indicated by the link.

Within a year after Mosaic was launched, the number of WWW servers grew from 100 to 7000. This rapid growth continues rapidly until now.

Video History of the Internet