Technology, the wireless network (wireless)

Introduction
Wireless network technology is wide spread ranging from voice communication to the data network, which allows the user to build a wireless connection at a certain distance. This technology, including infrared, radio frequency and so forth. Peranti which is generally used for the wireless network is included in the computer, handheld computer, PDA, mobile phone, tablet PC and so on. Wireless technology has a lot of functionality. For example, users can still use their mobile phone to access e-mail. Meanwhile the holiday with laptopnya can connect to the Internet when they are in airports, cafes, trains and other public places. At home, users can connect to their desktop (via bluetooth) to synchronize your PDA with it.

Standards

To press costs, ensure interoperability and promote the wide adoption of wireless technology, the organization such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU ), has participated in various standardization efforts. For example, the IEEE working group has been a defining how information is transferred from one peranti to peranti other (using radio frequency or infrared for example) and how and when a transmission media should be used for communication purposes. When standardization to build a wireless network, such as the IEEE organization has overcome the power management problem, bandwidth, security and many unique problems that exist in the world's wireless network.

Types of Wireless Network

As well as cable-based network, the wireless network can be classified into different types based on the distance where the data can be transmitted.

•  Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)

WWAN technology enables users to build a wireless connection through a network of public and private. This connection can be made that includes a very wide area, such as cities or countries, through the use of multiple antennas or satellite systems are also held by service providers telekomunikasinya. WWAN technology at this time known as the system 2G (second generation). 2G core of this system including the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Various efforts are made to the transition from 2G to 3G technology (third generation) who will soon become the standard global roaming and features a global as well. ITU is also active in promoting the making of global standards for 3G technology.

•  Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)

WMAN technology allows users to make wireless connections between multiple locations in a metropolitan area (for example, the building between the different in a city or on the university campus), and this can be achieved without the cost of fiber optic or copper cable that sometimes very expensive. In addition, the WMAN can act as backup for network-based cable and he will be active when the network is based on an earlier cable interference. WMAN using radio waves or infrared light to transmit data. Broadband wireless access network, which provides users with high-speed access, is of great demand at this time. Although there are several different technologies, such as multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) and local multipoint distribution services (LMDS) is used at this time, but the working group IEEE 802.16 standard for broadband wireless access continue to create specifications for these technologies.

•  Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

WLAN technology to allow users to build a wireless network in an area that is local (for example, in the office building environment, building on the campus or public area, such as airport or cafe). WLAN can be used in temporary offices or where permanent installation cable is not allowed. WLAN, or sometimes built as a supplement to the existing LAN, so users can work on many different locations within the building. WLAN can be operated in two ways. In infrastructure WLAN, the wireless station (peranti with a radio network card or external modem) to connect to a wireless access point that serves as a bridge between the station-station and the network backbone that is at that time. In a WLAN environment is a peer-to-peer (ad hoc), some users in limited areas, such as meeting rooms, can form a temporary network without using the access point, if they do not need access to network resources. In 1997, to approve IEEE 802.11 standard for WLAN, which specify a data transfer rate of 1 to 2 megabits per second (Mbps). Under the 802.11b, which became the dominant new standard at this time, the data transferred to the maximum speed of 11 Mbps with a frequency of 2.4 gigahertz (GHz). The new standard is 802.11a, which specify the data transfer speed of 54 Mbps over a maximum frequency of 5 GHz.

•  Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

WPAN technology to allow users to build a wireless network (ad hoc) for peranti simple, such as PDA, mobile phone or laptop. This can be used in the operating room personnel (personal operating space or POS). A POS is a space that people have around, and could reach about 10 meters distance. Currently, two key WPAN technology is Bluetooth and infra red light. Bluetooth is a cable replacement technology that uses radio waves to transmit data up to the distance of about 30 feet. Bluetooth Data can be transmitted through walls, pocket or purse. Bluetooth technology is driven by a body called the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which publishes a Bluetooth specification version 1.0 in 1999. Other alternative ways to connect peranti in very close proximity (1 meter or less), then the user can use the infra red light. Menstandarisasi for the development of technology WPAN, IEEE working groups have been build 802.15 for WPAN. Working group to make this WPAN standard, based on the Bluetooth specification version 1.0. The main objective of this standardization is to reduce complexity, lower power consumption, interoperability and coexistence with 802.11 networks.

WIRELESS LAN INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Tools
1. Compass and topographic map
2. Ruler and protractor
3. Pencil, eraser, stationery
4. GPS, Altimeter, klinometer
5. Glasses and glass pantul
6. Radio communication (HT)
7. Orinoco PC Card, pigtail and PCI / ISA adapter
8. Multimeter, SWR, cable tester, solder, tin, cut the cable pliers
9. Peralatan climb, Harness, carabiner, webbing, Cows tail, Pulley
10. Wrench, key ring, key english, pliers (cut, crocodile, jaws), screwdriver set, tie rap, insulator gel, TBA, unibell
11. Power cable roll, UTP straight cable and cross, Crimping tools, RJ45 connectors
12. AP Manager software, Orinoco Client, AP Utility and driver Planet, firmware and operating system (NT, W2K, W98 / ME, Linux, FreeBSD + utilitynya)

Survey Location
1. Specify the location of the station coordinates, the distance to the BTS with the air GPS and compass on the map
2. Note the mark and point potential barrier (obstructure) along the path
3. Calculate Som, acessories and path loss, EIRP, freznel zone, height of antenna
4. Note the position of another station, the possibility of potential hidden station, over shoot and test noise and interference
5. Determine the ideal position of tower, ELEVATION, long cables and an alternative in case there is difficulty in the installation
6. Plan a number of alternative methods of installation, the tool position and

Faulty connector
1. Kuliti coaxial cable with a cross section, is the minimum specification cable RG 8 9913 with the calculation of losses each 10 db 30 m
2. Do not leave scratches occur because excessive micro-wave propagation on the surface of the cable is
3. Connect with the careful and full attention to the cleanliness
4. Solder pin connectors with the tip of the careful and tidy, make sure there is no short
5. Note the sequence of the pin holder and so kuncian cable and connector can not be easily shifted
6. Close to the surface of the connector for the aluminum foil to prevent leakage and interference, must stick to a position on the surface of the connector
7. Lapisi connectors with aluminum foil and the entire surface lapisi connection with the connector insulator TBA (normal to the plumbing or electrical cable installation home)
8. Finally, close all the insulator surface with rubber to prevent water
9. For treatment, all resist change every 6 months
10. Connector model is best hexa without solderan and drat so little cable wound surface, which is installed by using Crimping tools, along with protective rubber fuel as a substitute for rubber insulator

Making Poe
1. Power over Ethernet is required to do the injection power to the device portion Wireless In A Box is installed on the tower, Poe useful to reduce power losses (losses) resulting from the use of cables and connectors
2. Poe uses 2 pair UTP cable is not used, 1 pair for injection + (positive) and power injection for the pair 1 - (negative) power, used the cable pair (a pair) to avoid a decrease in power loss due to cable
3. Note that the most crucial problems in the making Poe is how to prevent the occurrence of short, because the cables and power connectors penampangnya small and easy to move or interested in, tetesi insulator with wax or gel so that each connection point are protected from short
4. Before the first test used all connection with the multimeter

Antenna Installation
1. Place the pipe with the method of minimum stack height of up to 1st freznel zone terlewati against obstructure nearest
2. Note the stability of the holder strength pipes and wires, attach the holder to foot and looking up at the tail anker Cows
3. Check all connection cables and connectors including prophylactic lightning when there is
4. Place the antenna with a neat and correct, navigate using the compass and the GPS position of the BTS according to the map
5. Install the cable and trim, not to become a heavy burden of the cable connector and the connection with the movement and position of the antenna pointing
6. Note in install cable in the tower / pipeline, do not have the position of the bend potential accumulation of water into the rain, so that the form of rain water to fall freely under

Radio Installation Tool
1. Install the PC Card Orinoco and correctly recognized by the OS without conflict and make sure all drivers and utilities can work perfectly
2. Installing on W2K OS requires the latest driver from the web site and in CD copy utility, is not necessary even if the driver PCMCIA PNP detection W2K do precisely this conflict, remove this dirver's Device Manager
3. Installation on NT requires punctilio allocation IO address, irq and DMA, in the BIOS better turn off all devices (COM, LPT etc). And peripherals (sound card, mpeg etc). Is not required
4. All this procedure can be completed in less than 30 minutes not including the installation of the OS, this time more than immediately execute the next procedure
5. If difficulties continue to occur installation, while for the sake of efficiency to do the installation under OS Win98 / ME is easier and less problem
6. Radio installation on the device type Wireless In A Box (Mtech, Planet, Micronet dlll.), First update the firmware and utilities
7. Then testing of functions, which all have (AP, Inter Building, SAI Client, SAA2, Saa Ad Hoc etc.). Including bridging and IP addressing by using the helical antenna, make sure all functions work well and is stable
8. Make sure that the device Power Over Ethernet (Poe) is running perfectly

Noise Testing
1. When all has been running normally, install all the necessary utility and do a test start noise / interference, use the default settings
2. Without notice if there is an antenna signal strength from the station caught the other around, and when there is a good reach (about 40% - 60%) or even more, the station is operating in excess EIRP and potentially cause interference to the station we're building, consider to negotiate with the operator BTS / Existing station is
3. Note how noise level, when more than the radio sensitivity level (usually is around - 83 dBm, read radio specifications), for example - 100 dBm at the station point interferensinya is high enough, to stay whether the received signal strength can exceed the noise
4. Calculation of the standard signal strength is 0% - 40% poor, 40% - 60% good, 60% - 100% excellent, if a received signal strength is 60% but will reach 20% noisenya the connection condition is poor (60% - 20 % - 40% poor), then wherever possible signal strength should reach 80%
5. The connection will usually result in poor PER (packet error rate - can be seen from the percentage number of RTO in continuous ping) over 3% - 7% (seen from the utility and Planet Wave Rider), good in the range of 1% - 3%, and excellent under 1% , PER between the BTS station and the client must be balanced
6. The same calculation can be used to observe the opponent station or BTS us, in principle, signal strength, noise level, PER must have stability to counterbalance the expected connection
7. Consider the alternative scenario a number of other problems if the above can not be solved, eg with a move to another place, pointing the direction to rotate the nearest BTS or other method with 3 point (repeater) dll.

Antenna assembly
1. Microwave antenna grid parabolic type and loop yagi and the need to built because of a number of components, with different types of patch panels, panel sector and Omni directional
2. Duplex antenna according to the instructions (manual) and the image that included the construction
3. Mur Tighten all bolts and connectors, including and especially the reflector
4. Note that the microwave antenna is very sensitive to changes in focus, the antenna assembly at the time noticed the most of the focus of the reflector horn (antenna driven), small changes will result in a focus on broad changes such as gain (db) antenna
5. Several types of grid parabolic antenna has a stem extender that can change the location of the focus of the reflector so that the horn can be set to gain the necessary

Antenna pointing
1. In general, the antenna is installed with the horizontal polarization
2. Navigate antenna according to the direction shown compass and GPS, this way we consider a center point direction (center beam)
3. Slide the antenna with a fixed direction to the right and left to center beam, one by one at each stage of the calculation does not exceed ½ specification antenna beam width for each side (left or right), eg 24 db antennas, typically has a beam width 12 degrees then , the maximum shift to the left and right of center beam is 6 degrees
4. Marked changes in each direction and set skornya, determining the best way how to find done with the average value of the best, the main parameters that must be considered is the signal strength, noise and stability
5. Since most radio devices Wireless In A Box does not have a utility for graphically represents signal strength, noise etc. (except for statistics and PER) then make it more practical to use a pointing device standard 802.11b radio that has a graphical utility such as the Orinoco, or use Wave Rider
6. Then if necessary adjust the antenna ELEVATION klino meter in accordance with the antenna on the corner of the station opposite, kelengkungan calculated based on the calculation of the earth and compare it with the contours on the topographic map
7. ELEVATION direction and when the answer has been estimated to reach when needed can be done from the inversion of antenna polarization vertical to the horizontal beam width to narrow the focus and increase the transmission, the second point condition occupy the same antenna (parabolic grid) and the second point must be the same antenna polarization ( means on the side opposite the antenna polarization must also be behind the vertical)

Testing Connection Radio
1. Do a test signal, similar to the noise, just at the time of this antenna and cable (including Poe) is connected to the radio device
2. Adjust the channel and the name of the SSID (Network Name) to the identity of the BTS / AP goals, as well enkripsinya, when authentication is the MAC Address in the AP must be defined first station's MAC Address
3. When using Radius authentication, make sure the settings are appropriate and try out first before the mechanism is installed
4. Note that most of the radio device is functioning as a bridge and work based on the introduction of the MAC Address, IP Address, so the interface is defined as a utility function based on SNMP protocol only, so no need to include in the routing table
5. Routing table is defined in the (PC) router where radio devices attached to Wireless In A Box from the levying of a separate (PC) router, the device on which the radio device 1 enter the IP Address of the subnet with the IP Address that has been defined in the radio devices, so that the utility is installed in the router can identify the radio
6. Make a continuos ping to test the stability of the connection and know the PER
7. When you are stable and minimum good signal strength (after noise) then do the test troughput connect with the FTP (the FTP client software) to the nearest FTP server (ideally at the point BTS server goals), on average troughput ideal conditions will be better balanced when downloading up and load, the maximum troughput on the radio connection is about 1 Mbps and 600 kbps per TCP connection with MTU 1500 can achieve a maximum 40 kbps
8. Then use mass download manager software that supports TCP connection simultaneously (Concurrent), do the connection to the FTP server in the hope that the nearest maximum troughput 5 kbps per TCP connection, it can be about 120 simultaneous session (Concurrent), asumsinya 5 x 120 = 600
9. Or with a more simple way, used a much smaller scale, 12 Concurrent connection with trouhput kbps 5 per session, what troughput total could reach 60 kbps (average)? achieved when the connection stability can be guaranteed to be at maximum
10. At each level of assessment is done gradually, note whether the RRT ping has increased, a number approaching about 100 ms is still considered reasonable

Wireless Security Tips
1. Change the default administrator password (if you need to replace the usernamenya)
Heart of the Wi-Fi network in your home is the access point or router. To do set up the equipment from the access point, the vendor's access point device will provide a web-based interface, where to go to in this interface you will need to fill in the username and password. Meanwhile, in some cases, the equipment in the access point is set by a vendor with a specific username and password that is easy to guess by the user. For that you need to change the default password from your access point. Even if you also need to change the username.
2. Enable encryption

All Wi-Fi equipment supports some form of certainty of data security. The idea will make the encryption of data sent on the wireless network so that it can not be easily read by other parties. Wi-Fi equipment at this time have the option to provide security technology that you can use as needed. Make sure semuaperalatan in your wireless network is also using the security settings the same as used on the access point.

3. Change the default SSID
Access point or router using a network name called the SSID. Vendors usually give the name of the product they access point with a default SSID. For example, the SSID is usually released by Linksys is "linksys." The reality is if someone knows a SSID then it can not break the network, but at least this is a beginning for him. In the eyes of a hacker, if a view is still the default SSID, then it is an indication that the access point is not configured properly and have the possibility to dibobol. Change the default SSID immediately after you set up your access point.

4. Enable MAC Address filtering
Each Wi-Fi equipment surely has a unique identification, called a "physical address" or MAC address. Access point or router will record the MAC address of each peranti connected to him. You can set that only peranti with specific MAC address is allowed access to your wireless network. For example, your PDA has a MAC address, and you enter the MAC address to your PDA in the MAC address filter on your access point. So that is connected to the network while this is just from your PDA. But you also remain cautious, because the hacker could create a MAC address filtering cajolery to outsmart this.
5. Turn off the SSID broadcast of
In Wi-Fi network, the access point or router typically akan membroadcast SSID regularly. This feature is deliberately designed for hotspot areas where Wi-Fi clients in the area can come and go quickly. In conditions in which your home SSID is surely already know your own, then this feature is not necessary because it can invite the neighbors to know the SSID also prevent you or other people. You ride the Internet for free. You can disable SSID broadcast facilities for the security of this network.
6. Give a static IP address to peranti Wi-Fi
Currently, people tend to take advantage of DHCP to provide IP addresses automatically to clients who want to connect to the wireless network. This is a quick and easy for your network, but remember that this is also an easy way for hackers to get a valid IP address on your wireless network. You can turn off DHCP feature on the Access point and set a range of IP addresses that have been set and also fix peranti Wi-Fi that you want to connect to the access point with a range of IP addresses that fix earlier.
7. Think about the location of access point or router is secure
Wi-Fi signals normally can reach out to your home. Signal that is leaking out of the house until the very high risk for the occurrence of eksplotasi to your wireless network. You have to put the equipment on your access point is the area around the living room of your home. Never put the router or access point near a window, because it will increase the range of Wi-Fi signal outside your home. Turn off the wireless network only if the rules are not used the most effective security is to turn off the equipment or network access point when not in use. For instance, never leave home with a Wi-Fi is on, although it needs to download data. Access point on a monitor without a very high risk of exploitation.